Binciken Kurakuran da Aka Yi a Binciken Kimiyya

Kimiyyar rayuwa kimiyya ce ta halitta wadda ta dogara ne akan gwaje-gwaje. A cikin ƙarni da ya gabata, masana kimiyya sun bayyana ƙa'idodin rayuwa na asali, kamar tsarin helix na DNA mai siffar helix biyu, hanyoyin daidaita kwayoyin halitta, ayyukan furotin, har ma da hanyoyin siginar tantanin halitta, ta hanyar hanyoyin gwaji. Duk da haka, daidai saboda kimiyyar rayuwa ta dogara sosai akan gwaje-gwaje, yana da sauƙi a ƙirƙiri "kurakurai masu ban mamaki" a cikin bincike - dogaro da bayanai masu zurfi ko rashin amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da bayanai masu ban mamaki, yayin da ba a yi la'akari da buƙatar gina ka'idoji ba, iyakokin hanyoyin, da kuma tunani mai tsauri. A yau, bari mu bincika kurakuran gwaji da yawa da aka saba gani a cikin binciken kimiyyar rayuwa tare:

Bayanai Gaskiya Ne: Cikakken Fahimtar Sakamakon Gwaji

A cikin binciken ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta, ana ɗaukar bayanan gwaji a matsayin 'shaidar ƙarfe'. Masu bincike da yawa suna ɗaukar sakamakon gwaji kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshe na ka'ida. Duk da haka, sakamakon gwaji galibi yana shafar abubuwa daban-daban kamar yanayin gwaji, tsarkin samfurin, ƙwarewar ganowa, da kurakuran fasaha. Mafi yawansu shine gurɓataccen ... Sai a shekarar 1944 ne Oswald Avery ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da suka dace, wanda ya fara tabbatar da cewa DNA ne ainihin mai ɗauke da gado, ba sunadaran ba, shine ainihin mai ɗauke da gado. Wannan an san shi da wurin fara ilmin halittar kwayoyin halitta. Wannan kuma yana nuna cewa kodayake kimiyyar rayuwa kimiyya ce ta halitta wadda ta dogara da gwaje-gwaje, gwaje-gwajen da aka yi musamman galibi suna da iyaka da wasu abubuwa kamar ƙirar gwaji da hanyoyin fasaha. Dogaro da sakamakon gwaji kawai ba tare da cire hankali ba zai iya sa binciken kimiyya ya ɓata cikin sauƙi.

Gabaɗaya: Gabaɗaya bayanan gida zuwa ga alamu na duniya baki ɗaya

Rikicewar abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa yana nuna cewa sakamakon gwaji ɗaya sau da yawa yakan nuna yanayin ne kawai a cikin wani takamaiman yanayi. Amma masu bincike da yawa suna yin saurin tattara abubuwan da suka faru a cikin layin tantanin halitta, samfurin kwayoyin halitta, ko ma tarin samfura ko gwaje-gwaje ga dukkan ɗan adam ko wasu nau'ikan halittu. Wata magana da aka saba ji a dakin gwaje-gwaje ita ce: 'Na yi kyau a karo na ƙarshe, amma ban iya cimma hakan a wannan karon ba.' Wannan shine misali mafi yawan gaske na ɗaukar bayanan gida a matsayin tsari na duniya. Lokacin gudanar da gwaje-gwaje akai-akai tare da tarin samfura da yawa daga rukuni daban-daban, wannan yanayin yana iya faruwa. Masu bincike na iya tunanin sun gano wasu "ƙa'ida ta duniya", amma a zahiri, kawai mafarki ne na yanayi daban-daban na gwaji da aka ɗora akan bayanan. Wannan nau'in 'ƙarya mai kyau ta fasaha' ya kasance ruwan dare a farkon binciken guntu na kwayoyin halitta, kuma yanzu kuma yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci a cikin fasahar da aka fi amfani da ita kamar jerin ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya.

Rahoton zaɓi: gabatar da bayanai kawai waɗanda suka dace da tsammanin

Gabatar da bayanai na zaɓi yana ɗaya daga cikin kurakuran gwaji da suka fi yawa amma kuma masu haɗari a cikin binciken ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta. Masu bincike suna yin watsi da bayanai ko rage darajarsu waɗanda ba su dace da hasashe ba, kuma suna ba da rahoton sakamakon gwaji "nasara", don haka suna ƙirƙirar yanayin bincike mai ma'ana amma akasin haka. Wannan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin kurakuran da mutane ke yi a cikin aikin binciken kimiyya na aiki. Suna tsara sakamakon da ake tsammani a farkon gwajin, kuma bayan an kammala gwajin, suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan sakamakon gwaji da ya cika tsammanin, kuma suna kawar da sakamakon da bai dace da tsammanin ba a matsayin "kurakuran gwaji" ko "kurakuran aiki". Wannan tace bayanai na zaɓi zai haifar da sakamakon ka'ida mara daidai. Wannan tsari galibi ba da gangan ba ne, amma halayyar masu bincike ce kawai, amma sau da yawa yakan haifar da sakamako mafi muni. Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Linus Pauling ya taɓa yin imanin cewa yawan bitamin C zai iya magance ciwon daji kuma ya "tabbatar" da wannan ra'ayi ta hanyar bayanan gwaji na farko. Amma gwaje-gwajen asibiti masu yawa da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa waɗannan sakamakon ba su da tabbas kuma ba za a iya kwafi su ba. Wasu gwaje-gwaje ma sun nuna cewa bitamin C na iya tsoma baki ga magani na gargajiya. Amma har zuwa yau, har yanzu akwai adadi mai yawa na kafofin watsa labarai da ke ambaton asalin bayanan gwaji na Nas Bowling don haɓaka abin da ake kira ka'idar gefe ɗaya ta maganin Vc ga ciwon daji, wanda ke shafar maganin da aka saba yi wa masu fama da ciwon daji.

Komawa ga ruhin empiricism da kuma wuce shi

Ma'anar kimiyyar rayuwa kimiyya ce ta halitta wadda ta dogara ne akan gwaje-gwaje. Ya kamata a yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje a matsayin kayan aiki don tabbatar da ka'idoji, maimakon tushen ma'ana don maye gurbin cire ka'idoji. Fitowar kurakuran gwaji galibi yana faruwa ne daga makauniyar imani da masu bincike ke da shi game da bayanan gwaji da rashin isasshen tunani kan tunani da hanyoyin aiki.
Gwaji shine kawai ma'auni don tantance sahihancin ka'ida, amma ba zai iya maye gurbin tunanin ka'ida ba. Ci gaban binciken kimiyya ba wai kawai ya dogara ne akan tarin bayanai ba, har ma da jagora mai ma'ana da kuma dabaru masu haske. A cikin fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta mai saurin tasowa, kawai ta hanyar ci gaba da inganta tsauraran ƙirar gwaji, nazarin tsari, da tunani mai zurfi ne za mu iya guje wa faɗawa cikin tarkon empiricism da kuma matsawa zuwa ga fahimtar kimiyya ta gaskiya.