Bincika Ƙirar Ƙira a cikin Binciken Kimiyya

Kimiyyar rayuwa kimiyya ce ta halitta bisa gwaji. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, masana kimiyya sun bayyana ainihin ka'idodin rayuwa, irin su tsarin DNA na helix guda biyu, hanyoyin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta, ayyukan furotin, har ma da hanyoyin siginar salula, ta hanyoyin gwaji. Duk da haka, daidai saboda ilimin kimiyyar rayuwa ya dogara da gwaje-gwaje, yana da sauƙi don haifar da "kurakurai masu tasiri" a cikin bincike - dogara da yawa ko rashin amfani da bayanan da ba daidai ba, yayin da yin watsi da wajibcin gine-ginen ka'idoji, iyakokin hanyoyin, da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Yau, bari mu bincika kurakurai da yawa na yau da kullum a cikin binciken kimiyyar rayuwa tare:

Bayanai Gaskiya ne: Cikakken Fahimtar Sakamakon Gwaji

A cikin binciken nazarin halittun kwayoyin halitta, bayanan gwaji galibi ana ɗaukarsu azaman 'shaidar ƙarfe'. Yawancin masu bincike suna ɗaga sakamakon gwaji kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen ka'idar. Koyaya, sakamakon gwaji sau da yawa ana yin tasiri da abubuwa daban-daban kamar yanayin gwaji, tsaftar samfurin, ganewar ganewa, da kurakuran fasaha. Mafi na kowa shine tabbataccen gurɓatawa a cikin PCR mai ƙima. Saboda ƙarancin sarari da yanayin gwaji a yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike, yana da sauƙi haifar da gurɓataccen iska na samfuran PCR. Wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da gurɓataccen samfuran da ke gudana ƙananan ƙimar Ct fiye da ainihin halin da ake ciki yayin ƙimar ƙimar PCR na gaba. Idan an yi amfani da sakamakon gwajin da ba daidai ba don bincike ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, zai haifar da ƙaddarar kuskure kawai. A farkon karni na 20, masana kimiyya sun gano ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen cewa tsakiya na tantanin halitta ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na sunadaran, yayin da sashin DNA ya kasance guda ɗaya kuma ya bayyana yana da "ƙananan abun ciki na bayanai". Don haka, mutane da yawa sun kammala cewa "bayanan kwayoyin halitta dole ne su wanzu a cikin sunadaran." Wannan haƙiƙa "ƙira mai ma'ana" ce bisa gogewa a lokacin. Sai a shekara ta 1944 Oswald Avery ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na musamman wanda ya fara tabbatarwa a karon farko cewa DNA ce, ba sunadaran ba, shine ainihin mai ɗaukar gado. An san wannan a matsayin mafarin ilimin halitta. Wannan kuma yana nuni da cewa duk da cewa kimiyyar rayuwa kimiyya ce ta dabi'a wacce ta dogara da gwaje-gwaje, amma galibi ana iyakance takamaiman gwaje-gwajen ta hanyar wasu abubuwa kamar ƙirar gwaji da hanyoyin fasaha. Dogaro da sakamakon gwaji kawai ba tare da cire ma'ana ba zai iya haifar da binciken kimiyya cikin sauƙi.

Gabaɗaya: Gabaɗaya bayanan gida zuwa ƙirar duniya

Rukuni na al'amuran rayuwa yana ƙayyade cewa sakamakon gwaji guda ɗaya sau da yawa yana nuna halin da ake ciki a cikin takamaiman mahallin. Amma masu bincike da yawa sukan yi saurin bayyana abubuwan al'amuran da aka gani a cikin layin tantanin halitta, ƙirar ƙira, ko ma saitin samfuri ko gwaje-gwaje ga dukan ɗan adam ko wasu nau'ikan. Maganar gama gari da aka ji a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ita ce: 'Na yi kyau a karshe, amma ba zan iya yin hakan ba a wannan lokacin.' Wannan shine mafi yawan misali na ɗaukar bayanan gida azaman tsarin duniya. Lokacin gudanar da gwaje-gwaje akai-akai tare da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na samfurori daga nau'i daban-daban, wannan yanayin yana da wuyar faruwa. Masu bincike na iya tsammanin sun gano wasu "dokar duniya", amma a gaskiya, kawai mafarki ne na yanayin gwaji daban-daban da aka dora akan bayanan. Irin wannan nau'in 'fasaha' na karya' ya kasance ruwan dare sosai a farkon binciken guntun kwayoyin halitta, kuma a yanzu haka yana faruwa a wasu lokuta a manyan fasahohin da ake samarwa kamar jerin tantanin halitta guda daya.

Zaɓaɓɓen rahoto: gabatar da bayanai kawai waɗanda suka dace da tsammanin

Zaɓan bayanan da aka zaɓa shine ɗayan kurakuran gama gari amma kuma masu haɗari masu haɗari a cikin binciken ilimin halitta. Masu bincike sukan yi watsi da ko rage bayanan da ba su dace da hasashe ba, kuma suna ba da rahoton sakamakon gwaji na “nasara” kawai, don haka ƙirƙirar daidaiton ma'ana amma akasin yanayin bincike. Wannan kuma yana daya daga cikin kura-kurai da mutane ke yi a aikin binciken kimiyya a zahiri. Sun riga sun tsara sakamakon da ake sa ran a farkon gwajin, kuma bayan an kammala gwajin, suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan sakamakon gwaji wanda ya dace da tsammanin, kuma kai tsaye suna kawar da sakamakon da bai dace da tsammanin ba a matsayin "kurakurai gwaji" ko "kurakurai na aiki". Wannan zaɓen tace bayanan zai haifar da sakamako mara kyau kawai. Wannan tsari galibi ba na ganganci bane, amma halayen masu bincike ne na hankali, amma sau da yawa yana haifar da sakamako mai tsanani. Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Linus Pauling ya taɓa gaskata cewa babban adadin bitamin C zai iya magance ciwon daji kuma ya "tabbatar" wannan ra'ayi ta hanyar bayanan gwaji na farko. Amma gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na asibiti da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa waɗannan sakamakon ba su da kwanciyar hankali kuma ba za a iya maimaita su ba. Wasu gwaje-gwajen ma sun nuna cewa bitamin C na iya tsoma baki tare da jiyya na al'ada. Sai dai har wala yau, akwai dimbin kafafen yada labarai na kai da ke nakalto bayanan gwaji na asali na Nas Bowling don inganta abin da ake kira ka'idar mai gefe daya na maganin cutar daji na Vc, wanda ke matukar tasiri ga masu fama da cutar kansa.

Komawa ga ruhin empiricism da wuce shi

Asalin kimiyyar rayuwa kimiyya ce ta halitta bisa gwaji. Ya kamata a yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje azaman kayan aiki don tabbatar da ƙa'idar, maimakon ainihin ma'ana don maye gurbin cirewar ka'idar. Fitowar kurakurai masu ma'ana sau da yawa ya samo asali ne daga makafin bangaskiyar masu bincike a cikin bayanan gwaji da rashin isasshen tunani kan tunani da dabara.
Gwaji shine kawai ma'auni don yin la'akari da ingancin ka'idar, amma ba zai iya maye gurbin tunanin ka'idar ba. Ci gaban binciken kimiyya ya dogara ba kawai akan tara bayanai ba, har ma da jagora na hankali da kuma bayyananniyar dabaru. A cikin fage na ilimin halitta mai saurin haɓakawa, kawai ta ci gaba da haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira na gwaji, nazari na yau da kullun, da tunani mai mahimmanci za mu iya guje wa faɗawa cikin tarko na haɓakawa kuma mu matsa zuwa ga fahimtar kimiyya ta gaskiya.